Unit+VII


 * __Unit VII__ ;] **


 * Chapter 27: The Global Crisis (1921-1941)**
 * the theme of this chapter is about domestic and international affairs

- Tripartite Pact and Tokyo decided to join in the war, but they also wanted America to join in as well so they can fight as allies against Germany - the bombing of Pearl Harbor led America into World War II - Germany grows stronger and takes down France and invaded USSR, but doesn't take over USSR --> why?
 * Assumptions/Predictions of Chapter 27**
 * From Neutrality to Intervention: discusses about how America turned from neutrality to intervention, America was getting itself involved with the conflicts that's happening in the other countries
 * Neutrality Tested: discusses how America was when it decided to get invloved with other countries, president discussed this issue with Congress so that his plan of intervention can work out
 * Cash-and Carry: the basis of the Neutrality Act, used to establish for the sales of nonmilitary materials, but probably FDR got the country to start producing military materials to help supply the other nations for their "war"
 * Fall of France: France and German were in conflict with one another, "phony war", German wins and France falls, France was dominated by the Germans
 * Shifting Public Opinion: FDR knew that the people of America doesn't want to be involved with what was happening in other nations --> Americans wanted to stay neutral because they, themselves, weren't in a pretty good situation to help others (Great Depression), but FDR began to think of ways to change their views toward the war --> probably say that they were having trades with these countries and if they did bad, it'll effect them as well
 * America First Committee: used to influence others so that they will support the war effort (similar to what they did during World War I)
 * The Third-Term Campaign: FDR's third term was unsure because of the war, but he was elected for a third term because he promised America that they will stay neutral from the war


 * Top Ten Concepts in Chapter 27**
 * __**Internationalism**__: internationalism is the idea of taking part in world events/issues and creating relationships with the other nations --> also the idea to gain lands from other nations --> during World War II, America suffered and can't determine whether they should choose isolationism or internationalism
 * __**Isolationism**__: isolationism is the idea of staying neutral and isolated from the other nations, not being involved or bothering what other countries are doing, just focus on their own problems and situations at home --> during World War II, majority of the Americans wanted isolationism because from the Great Depression they were still suffering and they didn't want to bother with other nations' problems --> FDR was elected for his 3rd term in office was because he promised his people that they won't join/be involved in the war
 * __**Interventionism**__: interventionism is the idea of having/creating relationships with other nations, but not taking other nations' lands --> America was slowly changing from isolationism to interventionism because they were indirectly involved in the war --> they supplied/helped Britain more than other nations
 * __**Pearl Harbor**__: Japan attacked America at Pearl Harbor because they wanted to destroy America before they decide to join into the war --> FDR and the government wanted to join in the war, but they couldn't find a real solid reason to join, but after this they had a reason to fight --> this was the major event that caused America to join World War II
 * __**Tripartite Pact**__: this was an alliance of Germany, Japan, and Italy who fought as one side during World War II, even though they're allies with one another, they were quite divided and fought their own battles
 * **__German Invasion of the USSR__**: Germans had invaded the Soviet Union and their destruction cause America to send help to them --> America provided them with weapons to fend off the Germans --> this showed that America was indirectly involved in the war
 * __**Neutrality Acts**__: these were neutrality acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 so that it can prevent any events from happening that will cause America to join the war --> this also meant that the foreign nations had to pay for American goods and carry them on their own ships and not on American ones --> this was to conserve isolationism and prevent from joining into the war
 * __**FDR's Bombshell**__: FDR wanted to lower the gold standard but instead he created trade with other nations --> even though there was trade again, the world was still in debt
 * __**Manchuria**__: this was the path that started to lead America into joining the war because Japan invaded China and took over Manchuria and then other parts of China as well --> this caused America to indirectly join into war because this will affect America's trade with China
 * Economic Expansion in Latin America: America had economic expansion in Latin America and this showed that isolationism failed to prevent America from having economic expansion

**Main Ideas from the Blue Headings from Chapter 28**
 * **Containing the Japanese**: After the bombing at Pearl Harbor, America joined in Wold War II and their first plan was to attack the Japanese back. America focused their battles on the Pacific side and they finally fought with the Japanese at Midway Island. At Midway Island, America achieved victory and they successfully destroyed four Japanese aircraft carriers. From this victory, America regained control of the central Pacific.
 * **Holding Off the Germans**: America also successfully drove back the Germans from their invasion and protected the Soviet Union. During the year 1942, America and Britain successfully kept Germans from expanding any further. Italy was knocked out of the war, but it still had a plan to regain power.
 * **America and the Holocaust**: The Holocaust was happening, but the Americans were not willing to lend in a hand and help the ones suffering from this. When the Jews tried to immigrant to America to escape from this problem, America turned them down and sent them back to where they belonged.
 * **Prosperity**: World War II brought prosperity to America and its economy was starting to do better than before. Due to the war, many people were put to work to create more war supplies, thus creating more jobs and trades with other nation and so their economy benfitted from this war.
 * **The War and the West**: The government's spending played a dramatic role in the West. Because the government was producing massive war supplies, they also needed industries to do so. And so the Pacific Coast became the center of the growing American aircraft industry.
 * **Labor and the War**: Due to the war, many unemployed people were put into work and were no longer jobless. Also from this, the unions gained what they wanted because the government was in need for people to work so they granted most of the needs that the unions requested. It was a win for the unions.
 * **Stabilizing the Boom**: Because of the war, the government feared of deflation. Due to the problems that the Great Depression created, the government was afraid that the war will create more inflation in the country and so FDR and his administration passed the Anti-Inflation Act.
 * **Mobilizing Production**: America was creating a massive amount of war supplies for the war. From this the War Production Board was created and it met almost all of the nation's war needs. This help created enormous factories and industries that were funded by the government.
 * **War time Science and Technology**: During this time, science and technology advanced. America and Germany's technology and science were improving more and more due to the war. Because of the war, it pushes the nations to improve their technology so they can achieve other nation's secrets and plans.
 * **African Americans and the War**: Blacks had a chance to participate in the war and fight for America. At first, they were still faced with discrimination, but later on blacks and whites started to work together to fight this war.
 * **Native Americans and the War**: The Native Americans also served in the army as well and many other them worked as "code-talkers". They communicate with each other using their own language and the enemies wouldn't understand a word they're saying. This kept America's plans in secret and other nations wouldn't find out.
 * **Mexican-American War Workers**: Large numbers of Mexican-Americans also participated in the war as well and this provided economical gains for them.
 * **Women and Children at War**: There was a dramatic increase in female employment. because many of the males went to fight in the war, the females came in and filled up their spots and worked. Many employers treated the women with war plants and had some better conditions than before. But because the men were in war fighting and the women had to work, the women usually took their children with them to work. Child-care facilities were created from this to take care of these children.
 * **Wartime Life and Culture**: America was benefiting from this war because their economy experienced an economic boom. People suddenly had the money to spend again. Places such as the theater, hotels, casinos, dance halls, and etc. were starting to get packed with people again. Everything was starting to turn back to what it was before the Great Depression.
 * **The Internment of Japanese Americans**: There wasn't much Japanese Americans who lived in America, but they were still discriminated by the whites just like the other races. After the incident at Pearl Harbor, these Japanese Americans were being hated even more than before. The whites saw this group of people as a "threat" to America. They were being discriminated even more by people and some of the whites even forgot their existence.
 * **Chinese Americans and the War**: World War II helped enhance the legal and social status of the Chinese Americans. In 1943, Congress repealed the Chinese Exclusion Acts and it started to allow Chinese immigration to America. Chinese women can also immigrate to America as well, and due to the repeal many of them began immigrating to America. Though the Chinese gained some from this war, but they were still faced with discrimination
 * **The Retreat from Reform**: FDR and the government is starting to abandon the "New Deal" plan to help fight in the war. They notify the public saying that they have to finish fighting this war, then they will focus on their problems that they have at home. The conservatives in Congress started to dismantle the plans and achievements of the New Deal.
 * **The Liberation of France**: Americans and the British still continued to fight in war against the Germans and eventually they finally won and defeated the Germans.
 * **The Pacific Offensive**: America and Japan was still battling each other. Both sides were already exhausted from war and Japan almost had no ships or planes left, but they still didn't give up. Then in mid-July, American scientists created a new atomic bomb.
 * **The Manhattan Project**: The news of Germans creating atomic weapons reached to America and this caused America to begin to construct its own atomic weapons as well. In the war, they began to use more and more of these atomic weapons.
 * **Atomic Warfare**: America invaded Japan and dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Then the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, without anything left to do, Japan surrendered to America and its allies.


 * Chapter 28 Map, World War II in the Pacific page 741**
 * the first attack in the Pacific was Pearl Harbor
 * shows how the war was going on in the Pacific part, captures the whole entire war in the Pacific
 * shows that Japan invaded into China and gained a great amount of China's lands
 * showed the war between America and Japan, America was fighting for China because with Japan's invasion and expansion it will affect America's trade with China
 * Japan went around the whole Pacific probably trying to prevent American ships from getting into Asia, America focused most of their battle in the Caroline Islands and won many victories from that
 * America n forces were split into two separate offensives where one focus in the central Pacific which moved west from Hawaii (Commander Nimitz) and the other moved north from Australia (Commander MacArthur)
 * America had more victories than Japan did because it diverted its attention from the war with Germany to their war with Japan
 * America moved in slowly and attacked from both sides when they reached Tokyo
 * during the war between Japan and America, it helped improve the relationship between China and America and this brought more American influence to the Chinese
 * America cut off Japan from Burma, Burma was Japan's supply root and without Burma, Japan lost its food and war supplies and their were starting to crumble and fall, yet Japan was still committed to the war and they get their defenses up as America continued to invade Japan
 * key battles: Guadalcanal, Okinawa, Iwo Jima, Leyte Gulf
 * America dropped 2 atomic bombs in Japan, one at Hiroshima (Aug. 9, 1945) and another one at Nagasaki (Aug. 9, 1945)
 * the USSR also joined in this war to gain some land from Japan (Aug. 8, 1945) --> right between the two atomic bombs, Soviet Union and America had a meeting that if America was still struggling, then the Soviet Union will join the war to help America --> America didn't want Soivet Union to join the war and to intimidate the Soviet Union because after the war America and the Soviet Union will be the two most powerful nation in the war --> the main reason (maybe) why he dropped the atomic bomb was to prevent Soviet Union from joining into the war and to intimidate them
 * America fought with Japan for almost 4 years
 * Pacific Theater = Pacific Front




 * Chapter 28 Map, World War II North Africa and Italy: The Allied Counteroffensive 1942-1943 page 743**
 * showed the war that's happening in Europe while America battles with Japan in the Pacific region
 * America and the Allies moved through Vichy France with ease and the 2 allied forces met at Tunisia to attack Italy
 * the allied forces gained access to Italy and they hoped that from this take can take a hold of France from Germany
 * America and the Allies moved quickly to get to France
 * when they finally achieved Italy, the Allies used this as an advantage to attack Germany from the south


 * Top Ten Concepts in Chapter 28**
 * __**End of World War II**__: World War II help bring an end to the Great Depression in America and also caused America and the Soviet Union to be the most powerful nation in the world --> because both of these nations are the best so far, tensions and competitions will happen between the two nations to determine who's the best
 * __**Invention of the Atomic Bombs**__: an Italian scientist named Enrico Fermi discovered the radioactivity in uranium and using that piece of information, people started to create atomic bombs for war usage --> the first atomic bomb that was created in 1945 was named Trinity --> America also began to create atomic bombs and other deadly weapons and this led to America dropping the two atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki --> this led to the end of World War II officially
 * __**Okinawa**__: America captured Okinawa in 1945 --> this showed that America was moving closer and closer to Japan and Japan will soon lose the war --> as America moved closer, Japan's resistance got harder and harder
 * __**Battle of Leyte Gulf**__: this was a big turning point for America because they nearly destroyed Japan's naval power --> this greatly weakened Japan, but Japan still had a very strong commitment in fighting and they continued fighting without giving up --> their defenses only got stronger and stronger to resist America
 * __**Germany Defeated**__: Adolf Hitler killed himself in 1944 and this caused the Germans to be disorientated and eventually they surrendered on May 8, 1945 --> this was the end of the war in the European part of the world --> by taking over Italy also contributed to the Allies victory on Germany because they used Italy to invade Germany since Italy is south of Germany
 * __**Wartime Technology**__: throughout the whole war, Germany, the Allies and America did many research on war weapons --> they all researched and created better war weapons to fight in war --> atomic bombs and etc.
 * __**Economic Good Times**__: America was experiencing an economic boom from World War II because it helped created more jobs for the unemployed and since many white men had to leave the country for the war, it left many spots open for women, blacks, and other ethnic groups to take place for --> due to the war industries would have to produce more and more war supplies which also led to more jobs for people --> because of this the economy was doing better than before --> government also persuaded people to strive for future prosperity
 * __**The Holocaust**__: the Holocaust was a big aspect of World War II --> wherever Hitler conquered, the Germans would relocate the Jews into concentration camps --> many Jews were being tortured in these camps and many died from their sufferings --> Jews were suffering, but the world didn't do much to help relief them, even America rejected them from entering the United States
 * __**Women and the War**__: women were able to enjoy more freedom than before and also because most of the men left home to fight in war more women were able to get jobs --> but since most of them went to work, their child received less care and most of them were either abandoned at home or in the car
 * __**African America and the War**__: they also participated in the war as well and they hoped to strive for equal rights --> but the government only gave them partial rights --> they also tried to take this opportunity to change their status in society

Hitler was one of the key people during World War II because he was the one who began the war. He began the war because he wanted to gain lands back for Germany and because of the Treaty of Versailles. He believed that it was due to the League of Nations and the Treaty of Versailles that caused Germany to do so poorly. Hitler started building up the military and began to attack nations around them. At first the League of Nations didn't concern itself with it because it wasn't far too big of a problem. As Hitler expanded and went on, the League of Nations became very concerned with this. Finally the Britain met with Hitler and they had an agreement that he'll stop when he reached to a certain point. But Hitler broke his promise and continued on fighting for more and more land. Because of him, the Holocaust happened. He was disgusted by the Jewish religion and began putting Jews into concentration camps and tortured them until they died.
 * Key Images of World War II**

The Allies played a major role during World War II because they were the group against Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Allies saw that Germany was getting too powerful and they formed allies with each other to fight Germany before it dominates the European world. At first, America wanted to remain neutral from this war because they saw that this wasn't their problem so they shouldn't get themselves involved in this big mess. Later on, America saw that Germany was winning most of the battles and invaded the Soviet Union. To America, Germany became a threat to them because the Americans feared that Germany might dominate in the European world and would cut off their trades with America. America also feared that Germany will invade them as well and so they decided to join into the war before it's too late. But without a real reason for America to join into the war, America became indirectly involved. When Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese, that's when America finally had a real reason to why they must fight and they joined along the Allies and fought.

The Holocaust played a very distinct role during World War II because they were the main aspect of it. At first Hitler wanted to gain more land for Germany and he used that as a reason to fight and conquer more land. As he expanded Germany and went on, he started to capture the Jews in the places he conquer. He relocated these Jews in concentrated camps where they suffered through each day with a very small amount of food and worked in harsh conditions. In the end, many of them died due to their sufferings and at that time, the other countries didn't do much to help them.

The invention of the atomic bomb happened during World War II because an Italian scientist named Enrico Fermi found out about the radioactivity in Uranium. People then used that piece of information to created atomic bombs. The first atomic was created in 1945 which was made by plutonium and was named Trinity. Later on Americans began researching and creating atomic bombs. These atomic bombs were very deadly weapons that is only used for war purposes only. Because this creation of the atomic bomb was what led to the end of World War II for America and Japan. By using the atomic bomb, America ended the war with Japan and intimidated the Soviet Union.


 * Chapter 29: The Cold War Begins**
 * Origins of Cold War
 * America and the Soviet Union competed with each other to become the most powerful nation in the world
 * America and Soviet Union had different competing ideologies --> had different ways of doing things and beliefs
 * America: democracy and capitalism
 * the Soviet Union: dictatorship and communism
 * America hided the fact that they had the atomic bombs and they dropped it without the Soviet Union knowing --> Soviet Union didn't like how America kept it in secret and didn't trust them --> the dropping of the atomic bomb intimidated the Soviet Union
 * peace conferences --> future of Poland, Germany, and etc. --> decide whether it should be democracy or dictatorship, capitalism or communism
 * Russia became a communist country and dropped out of World War I --> America didn't like that because they were suppose to be helping in the war
 * 1917, Bolshevik Revolution --> communists --> peace, land, and bread --> overthrew the Russian government and turned it into a communism society


 * Why does America fear communism so much?**
 * Democracy
 * where people can vote who can be their leader --> leader is chosen by the people
 * in America they practice constitutional democracy/representative democracy because the Americans elected presidents to lead them, but the president doesn't have absolute power, and so the president can't do things his way and always have to refer back to what the citizens of the country wanted
 * Capitalism
 * where businesses and corporations would belong to oneself --> can have private ownerships which creates different social classes in society --> but government still has some involvement in it
 * in America, they practice mixed capitalism where corporations and businesses are owned by people --> people can make investments in them, make a profit and only themselves benefit from it --> private people run the economy --> but government regulates the economy as well by putting in taxes and rules --> government is involved in economy as well
 * Dictatorship
 * where the people doesn't get to choose who becomes their leader and their leader has full power to the country --> one person with power
 * the Soviet Union practiced dictatorship where one man ruled over the country and make any decisions he wanted without considering what the people wanted
 * Communism
 * where businesses/corporations are all being controlled by one single power --> doesn't have private ownerships so it won't create different social classes and everyone was the same --> things and profit they produce belongs to the community --> common ownership
 * the Soviet Union practiced communism because they wanted to make sure everyone is at the same level, no one is too poor and no one is too rich

This picture shows the difference in democracy and dictatorship. In democracy, people had a say and the leader has to always consider what the people want. In dictatorship people has no say at all and one person has full power, the government and leader determined everything without considering what people want.


 * Top Ten Concepts of Chapter 29**
 * __**Postwar Visions**__: America and the Soviet Union had too much differences from each other --> America was a democratic, capitalist country, while the Soviet Union was a dictatorship, communism country --> when they were decided what kind of a country should Germany and Poland be, America and the Soviet Union created even more tensions between each other --> this showed that their tensions will result in a war --> due to these conflicts, they created the Cold War
 * __**Containment**__: this was the idea to help keep tensions between the two rival countries as low as possible so that it wouldn't result in a war --> for America, it's also the idea to contain communism from expanding --> America wanted to contain the Soviet Union and its influence from expanding elsewhere --> America wanted to stop the Soviet Union from influencing other European countries because America had strong ties with these nations --> Truman's Doctrine
 * __**The Korean War**__: America took its first step into the Cold War because of the Korean War --> the Korean War raised tensions between America and the Soviet Union --> thus caused America to be in a Cold War with the Soviet Union
 * __**McCarthyism**__: Joseph McCarthy created this idea/belief --> he made many protests against communism that had spread to the numerous amount of people --> he spread the hysteria rising within the people --> from it, it caused massive suspicion for people --> this caused the Republicans to win in the election of 1952
 * __**Alger Hiss**__: he was a young Democrat liberal who destroyed the image of the Democrats --> he was accused of infiltrating into government papers and sending news to the Soviet Union and helping them --> he was sent to jail and from this people became more and more suspicious of the Democrat liberals and thus destroyed their image
 * __**The Nuclear Age**__: at first many people feared the power of nuclear energy because they feared that it will lead to the creation of more atomic bombs and weapons --> the people were afraid they would go into an atomic war with the Soviet Union --> but later on, people discovered that they can use the nuclear energy and convert it to energy that we can use --> this gave comfort to the people and they believe that this was a useful way to it besides using it in war
 * __**Republicans Regaining Power**__: Republicans were able to use communism to make people suspect the Democratic Party and give them a bad image --> at this time, many people feared communism and Republicans used this to make people view the Democrats as communists --> also because of Alger Hiss, the Republicans were able to use this against them --> this gave less support for the Democratic Party and more support to the Republican Party
 * __**Democratic Party Split**__: the Democratic Party split into two different parties because of their different views --> one created the State's Rights Party and didn't support Truman's actions as much --> the remaining of the Democrats still belonged to the Democratic Party and continued to support Truman
 * __**Truman's Fair Deal**__: this was suppose to create better working conditions for workers and African Americans --> but this didn't get passed because the Congress denied it --> this proposal was the first step in calling for a reform on racial injustices
 * __**Postwar Labor Unrest**__: after World War II, inflation began and this caused more tensions for the unions --> they were frustrated by it and started having more and more strikes --> but the government still didn't do much about them because they were too concern with international issues happening


 * Cold War at Home**
 * **McCarthyism:** this was the belief of anti-communism and it was named after the senator McCarthy, he wanted to prevent communism from influencing America and destroying the way Americans do things, from this idea, it caused many American to be even more scared than before, people became more suspicious than before and starting fearing their surroundings even more
 * **The Red Scare:** the red scare is an era in America where everyone is scared and suspected each other and didn't fully trust one another, people feared communism to the point that they are suspects that people in their surroundings are communist, they were afraid that the roots of communism will get into America and spread their influence, they feared communist and they wanted to know who exactly were communists, Americans wanted to find these communists, confirm who they are and remove them from their society
 * **Alger Hiss:** Alger Hiss is a young Democrat liberal who was accused of infiltrating into government papers and sending information to the Soviet Union, he was also accused as being a communist and he was eventually sent to jail, from this, it ruined the image of the Democratic Party and gave more support and power to the Republican Party, people later on suspected the Democrats as communists and doubted their loyalty to America and the government
 * **The Rosenbergs:** they were couples who were convicted of helping the Soviet Union, they were still executed even though there were very few evidence to prove them guilty, this incident was very similar to Alger Hiss's case, because of this it caused even more people to fear and worry that there are more communists in the government, they feared that the government was already filled with communists already


 * On March 22, 1947, Truman passed an executive order where all the federal employees must be investigated and swear an unending loyalty to the American government
 * in 1952, there were new parties, Republicans still existing and fighting for more support, and there's a new president, White Eisenhower

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 * Eisenhower Video**
 * Eisenhower was promoted to be president by the Republicans and the Democrats, both parties supported him
 * Eisenhower joined the Republicans to run for president
 * he was the 34th president
 * D-Day
 * he rather played golf than to govern
 * "We like Ike"
 * hidden hand, Eisenhower may seem like he's not doing much and just relaxing but he's actually the one doing the work and making the decisions for the country
 * his first accomplishment was to end the Korean War --> after the Korean War, he tries to avoid war with the Soviet Union --> tried to avoid a nuclear war
 * he down sized the army and spent less money of military
 * he paid more attention in foreigh affairs than domestic
 * he supported south of Vietnam, he helped and supported them --> due to this, America was able to experience prosperity
 * America was losing to the Soviet Union because they became the first nation to be able to send a statlite in space
 * Eisenhower didn't want war, wanted to avoid war unless there's no choice left because he knew how it felt to fight in war