Unit+VI

﻿**__Unit VI__ =]**

**Steps to America Joining World War I**
 * Declaration of Neutrality (1914), America doesn't want any part in the war, people said that this was an European War and they shouldn't interfere with it, America wanted to stay "neutral"
 * America had economic ties with the European countries --> they had huge investments in Britain and France and if these nations were to lose the war America will face a collapse in their economy
 * America had historic ties with Britain --> Britain was its mother country and it "created" them
 * submarine warfare and the sinking Lusitania --> Lusitania wasn't a war ship, it was just a cruise ship and America was very horrified by this --> Germany's U-boats sunk Lusitania
 * unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany --> Germany was sinking American ships
 * America's military was prepared
 * Zimmerman's telegram was intercepted by the British and was sent to America --> it was meant to be sent to Mexico to order them to attack America and to help Germany gain its lands back and in return Germany will give them bargains, but instead this letter landed into America's hands and this angered America and it causes tensions to rise up
 * Russian Revolution: America needed to help them so that they don't lose connection with them
 * Declaration of War on Germany (April 1917)


 * Postwar America**
 * **Economy**
 * America became the most powerful country in the world
 * America's economy experienced a severe postwar recession
 * America's economy experienced a boom after the war due to the high demands of goods requested by Britain and other European countries --> these were temporary demands
 * the prices of goods rose 15% more than the average price in a year
 * middle-class Americans responded to demands for a change for the country
 * in 1920 the economy began to fall, the temporary markets began to disappear and inflation began --> GNP declined about 10%, farmers lost their lands, and many businesses went bankrupt, many farmers lost their lands and were in debt
 * **Social Instability**
 * employers started to mistreat their workers because the government was too focus of America after the war
 * there were many strikes and life was unstable in America
 * **War Industries Board**
 * after the war, there wasn't a need for the War Industries Board, it was created to see how much to purchase for war and how to finance it
 * this teaches America a lesson to organize their war fiance better
 * **Migrants**
 * the blacks in the south began to migrate to the north because of the racism and poverty they faced in the south
 * they wanted to migrate to the north because they wanted equal rights
 * because there was a limited about of jobs, the whites didn't want the blacks to migrate and take their jobs away from them
 * whites began to discriminated them and tensions and riots grew among these two races
 * **Racial Tensions**
 * race riots and tensions
 * **Labor Issues**
 * workers had many strikes, demanding for better working conditions
 * **Red Scare**
 * anti-radicalism, anti-communism
 * **Warren G. Harding**
 * he was elected as president in 1921 and he promises "normalcy" --> returning things back to normal


 * Chapter 24 "The New Era" Preview**
 * "Roaring Twenties":
 * the idea of lots of parties, dancing, and celebration
 * dance halls and jazz clubs
 * a time where women began to change their looks and styles --> cutting their hair they wanted,
 * in the 1920s it was a decade of change
 * social, economical, and political change
 * a battle going on in the 1920s where the older generations wanted to return things back to normal while the younger generation wanted to develop newer changes/things


 * Patterns of Popular Culture: Dance Halls page 652-653**
 * during the 1920s, many Americans lived in urban areas and in these urban areas they were in search of freedom, excitement, and release
 * dancing became very popular between the years 1920 and 1930
 * during World War I, the great African- American migration brought new forms of jazz to the urban areas in the North
 * this brought many men and women to socialize together in the public and it wasn't very expensive so the young working-class people could afford it
 * because saloons and taverns closed down, it limited their other options to spending time and so night after night they would go dance and this soon became a very popular habit to do
 * many of the young people used the dance halls as a chance to listen to the music, dance in their own way and be themselves, to show off their new clothes and hairstyles
 * there were many large dance halls in both indoors and outdoors and many couples went there to spend their time together
 * many people saying having these dance halls was a good thing because the younger people can enjoy themselves in their own way, they have no restrictions on what to do and what not to do, dancing was a way for them to release stress from home, work, and/or school
 * later on some of the less savory halls attracted dancers because they selling bootleg liquor and drugs
 * "taxi-dance" ballrooms allowed men to buy tickets to dance with ladies (hostesses) --> government saw this as very dirty thing and so at least 60 city governments passed restrictions on the styles of public dancing
 * dance halls were very popular with young men and women from the working-class and immigrants because they believed it was part of being an American and a way to escape
 * immigrants were arfaid to let their children to go to these dance halls because they were feared it will take their children away (mentally and physically)


 * America in the World: The Cinema page 648**
 * America was the first nation to have a fim industry
 * American movies were viewed by many other nations and it dominated in the film industry world
 * some of the other nations were disturbed by the American interference of movies in their own, so the other nations created their own movies
 * in Soviet Union, they created their own cartoon to exercise socialist values and not capitalist values (like in American movies)
 * after World War I, there were many movie theaters and America owned half of them
 * American movies and industries inspired other nations to created their own movies and industries, these other nations also gave new ideas to America for developing new movies/films
 * American's film making and movies still remain in the top of the world, its movies contains many foreign actors and actresses
 * Hollywood now is an international group of people making movies, not all movies are American, but this idea orginated from America


 * Decline of the "Self-Made Man"**
 * People begin to rely on education than from focusing on having a successful business because they believed that if they didn't have a high education themselves, it'll cause the chances in becoming successful less and less. And so education was the key way to successful and people were paying attention more on this field than the "self-made man". The idea of having talent and effort to be successful was declining and now in order to be successful is to have a higher education.
 * People had mixed feelings because there were successful heroes, but they didn't go through the same paths to reach successul
 * Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and Charles Lindbergh, became very successful men but they didn't have any formal education at all


 * Top 5 Main Ideas in the 20th Century**
 * **Consumerism**: America became a society of mass consumer culture. Almost everyone, men and women, can buy goods they wanted not needed. America turned into a society where people can buy good not because of need but for pleasure. People became more connected to the industrial world.
 * **Education**: People in America began to value education more than anything else. Americans believed that the key to success was to get a higher education. This belief causes the myth of the "self-made man" to decline. It's very rare to become successful with just hard work and effort. Without a proper education, hard work and effort can only take you so far. And so the younger generations valued education much more than the people from the older generations.
 * **Women**: their culture and persepective changed. Women were becoming less domestic and persuing more individualism and freedom
 * **Cities vs. Rural Areas**: The cities was changing into a more modern society while in the rural areas such as the farms didn't change. They still kept their culture and traditions.
 * **Conservatives and Liberals (Religious Fundamental)**: Conservatives wanted to turn America's society back to the way it was before World War I, while Liberals wanted to turn modernize America and change it to be better, creating a whole new culture

media type="custom" key="8346480"


 * Chapter 25 Preview**
 * stock market crashes down and it caused the Great Depression
 * food prices went up
 * people were tired of this problem and people were mad at the government because they provide no help, didn't better the nation
 * Great Depression Agricultural Marketing Act was passed in 1929
 * everyone was fighting to keep their jobs or to get a job
 * white workers organized Black Shirts to fight the African-Americans that were competing in jobs with them
 * the Great Depression eventually spread to Europe and it become more severe and horrible within America --> America didn't get better
 * Communist had a hunger march to Washington
 * in 1932, banking crisis began in Washington D.C.
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected as president and the New Deal begins, he tried to fix the economy better and provide help to families who were in need and the unemployed
 * many people published novels and magazines about this incident
 * The Great Depression happened when the stock market crashed because so much people invested their money in companies. When the companies went bankrupt, the people didn't get their money back. Their money turned into the products that didn't get sold. The main reason of the Great Depression happened was due to overproduction.
 * Causes of Depression
 * people weren't buying as much as before
 * many, many people were selling their stocks rather than buying them and so it caused the stock market to crash
 * African Americans, Asian Americans, Women and the Depression: Africans Americans was involved in this just like the other people because they worked for comapnies too


 * Stock Markets**
 * stock markets is where buying and selling shares take place
 * shares are parts of ownership of public companies
 * public companies is where the company is owned by the public and where the public can buy shares of it and become owners of it
 * companies go public and offer shares for people to buy because this way it can help them fund their companies and they didn't need to get loans from the bank
 * in order to buy a share of the company, normally you have to go through someone (a middleman)
 * the prices of the share changes depending on how the company does and its conditions
 * basically you put money into the company as an investment and in return you receive a paper stating how much of the company you own
 * people make money by selling their shares of the company out when the company is doing very well
 * the better the comapny does, the more valuable your stocks are


 * Causes of the Economic Downtown**
 * over production --> corporations/industries were producing more than the public needed --> over expansion
 * declining exports --> America's trade with other nations was starting to decline because other nations didn't need as much US goods as before --> low demands for US goods
 * farmers and other businesses/people had too much debts --> borrowed too much from the bank --> too much loans
 * very shaky banking system --> not very stable, risky --> the bank just kept lending out money to people/corporations without any limits to how much they should lend out --> invested too much money and got no money back --> bank was unregulated
 * global debt structure --> result of World War I --> too much economic focus on only a few industries --> too much money/investment going to a few industries --> for example: they put all of their money into one corporation, people should have spread their money and put them in different areas/places
 * a small percentage of the Americans controlled a high percentage of money --> workers didn't get as much money, most of the money went to the owners/trustees of the corporation
 * over speculation --> there was too much gambling --> people put too much money in stocks and they put too much faith --> they thought the economy will continue to do so well
 * stock market crashes --> caused many corporations to go bankrupt --> people who invested their money in these corporation lost all their money
 * stockholders were taking money out of the corporations and caused these corporations to lose support
 * international failure --> Europe couldn't pay their debts


 * Steps to Make Downturn into a Depression**
 * many people lost their jobs due to the corporations collapsing --> high unemployment percentage
 * many people who invested their money in stock markets lost all their money and they became very poor
 * America was left with all these products and goods that it over produced and they couldn't sell these off to anyone to earn money and finance/rebuild their economy
 * laws and acts contributed to depression
 * government did very little help to help people and to better the economy
 * banking system collapsed and caused many banks to go bankrupt
 * severe contraction --> amount of money to produce products is decreasing --> businesses are getting smaller and smaller, some even closed down
 * farm failures and bankruptcies
 * bank took houses away from people who couldn't pay off their debts


 * What will the government do to solve this problem?**
 * pass laws/acts to help people in need
 * welfare
 * taxes to raise more money to help the economy function again
 * create better banking system
 * government should pay more attention to the economy
 * provide more job opportunities


 * Herbert Hoover's Attempts to Fight the Depression**
 * agricultural marketing act, tried to help farmers remain in business --> set up a corporation to buy surplus farm goods, so that the goods won't be sitting there --> government buy the goods so then the prices of goods won't decrease --> idea was to make sure farmers doesn't reduce their prices and increase the price and have a decent living and keep these farmers in business
 * use government spending --> got money from the government to fund in public works programs (schools, parks, libraries, and etc.) --> this was to create more jobs for people --> but when he sees that he will have to take more money out, he began to slow the process --> wanted to make sure there's still money in government so that they don't go in debt --> wanted to keep this budget balance --> he wanted to save this money because he's a conservative and he believes in laissez faire
 * reconstruction finance corporation
 * hawley smoot tariff --> a tax on farming/agricultural imports --> raise prices of foreign goods so that people will buy American goods --> other countries will pass their own tariffs on American goods, and so American goods won't be selling in other countries --> declining American exports even more

Hoover's downfall was due to the bonus army


 * The Great Depression**

media type="custom" key="8389042"


 * "New Deal" Video**
 * he has confidence in people, he believed that they can do anything, gave confidence to Americans
 * he's willing to exercise as much power it's needed to help the nation fight the Great Depression
 * gathered the different political parties and Congress together and told them to put away their differences and come up with a solution to deal with this situation
 * they came up with a new banking act to notify people that it's safe for them to leave their money in banks
 * he just came in and went straight to work and began taking actions
 * people began writing letters to FDR for help because they knew he can help them
 * both Houses of Congress and the president were from the same political parties (Democrats) and so they can take any actions they wanted
 * made beer legal, FDR's theme song "Happy Days are Here Again"
 * getting people back to work and saving the rural economy
 * Agricultural Adjustment Act was to adjust farming issues --> paid farmers to produce less and kill their animals (live stock) so that there will be less goods on the market and so the prices will stay and won't decrease --> this act helped them keep their farms --> the money went to the person that owned the land and so the owner will fire the workers (who actually does the farming) and the worker gets nothing at all
 * New Deal didn't concern with the African Americans --> black farmers had to leave farms
 * FDR turned the government into the nation's largest employer
 * NRA --> a planned economy --> Socialism, Communism --> people said FDR was turning America's economy into a communist dictatorship
 * minimum wage $12 for 40 hr week --> protect worker's rights --> the government legally recognize the union forces
 * Frances Perkins first woman to ever serve in a president's cabinet --> labor secretary
 * FDR delivered fireside chat --> every sunday night on radio

media type="custom" key="8428638"


 * Top Ten Most Important Concepts of Chapter 25**
 * **__The Great Depression__**: the Great Depression started in 1929 due to the crashing of the stock market --> this caused many people to become very poor and unemployed --> the economy was doing very bad
 * **__Hoover__**: Hoover was elected as president and he tried to help solve problems that the Great Depression created --> he used government money to create more jobs for people, but because he was a conservative, he didn't make too radical moves --> when he saw that he was using too much of government's money, he slowed down the process --> he relied too much on voluntarism --> he didn't get much done and people still suffered
 * **__Stock Market Crashing__**: the stock market crashed because too many people wanted to sell their stocks on the same day --> the people saw that the corporations wasn't doing so well and many of them decided to sell their stocks --> this was one of the reasons that contributed to the Great Depression
 * **__International Debt__**: the other European nations couldn't pay off their debts because they had their own problems that they were facing --> this caused the whole entire world
 * __**Dust Bowl**__: it was a drought in the south and part of the west that lasted for almost a decade --> because many people were very poor, not everyone could afford to buy as much farm goods as before --> this caused many farmers to migrated to the west for better livings --> caused many to lose jobs
 * __**Banking Collapse**__: many banks closed down or went bankrupt --> this caused the money and the purchasing power to decreased --> many workers were laid off and prices decreased and manufacturers were cutting back on productions
 * __**Radios and Movies**__: radios and movies played an important role in people's lives during the Great Depression because people used these to escape from their problems and stress that they had from the Great Depression --> radios and movies helped provide with laughter and relief them
 * __**Belief in Personal Responsibility**__: many people believed that they were in such a bad condition was all because of their failures --> they believed that it was their fault, their own failures and not the economy --> they blamed themselves
 * __**Racial Injustices and Discrimination**__: the other racial groups in America suffered more than the whites did because there wasn't a lot of job opportunities for them --> the whites wanted to save all the jobs for them instead of for the other racial groups --> they were being discriminated by the whites and can barely survive through this Great Depression
 * __**Women and the Great Depression**__: due to the Great Depression, even more people believed that women should stay at home because there wasn't a need for them to work and it can open up more jobs for men --> but the Great Depression also pushed women to go out and find jobs on their own because they wanted to help support the family --> they believed that with two parents working it's better than just one


 * Top Ten Important Concepts of Chapter 26**
 * __**The New Deal**__: the New Deal was FDR's plan in trying to solve/fix the problems that the Great Depression had created --> it helped create many jobs for the unemployed and it also changed things in the nation --> the government's role grew greatly, had more impact --> the New Deal helped relieved problems, but it didn't end the Great Depression --> the New Deal was just there to stop things from getting worse
 * **__FDR__**: he was elected to be president for 4 terms in a row --> he used government spending to create more jobs for people --> turned the government into the nation's largest employer --> passed laws and acts that still exists in today's society
 * he was elected for the 1st term because people's conditions weren't getting any better with Hoover's presidency
 * he was elected for the 2nd term because people saw that their conditions were getting better little by little
 * he was elected for the 3rd term because he promised people that they won't interfere with World War II
 * he was elected for the 4th term because people saw how well he managed with the war
 * **__Opposition to the New Deal__**: many groups of people criticized the New Deal and didn't like the idea of it --> the radicals and communists state that FDR and the New Deal wasn't doing enough to help better the society, they said that FDR should use more power and be more radical for things to work out --> on the other hand the conservatives state that FDR was exercising/using too much power on his plans to fix the problems of the Great Depression, they didn't like the idea of the New Deal because they felt that FDR was abusing his powers
 * __**Women and the New Deal**__: women didn't benefit much from the New Deal, the New Deal didn't deal with any social injustices and social changes to them --> their statuses in society still remain the same --> though some women were able to have office jobs such as Frances Perkins
 * **__"Black Cabinet"__**: the New Deal also did very little help for the African Americans just like women --> it didn't deal with any social injustices and social changes to them, their statuses still remained the same in society --> some of their conditions were better --> in FDR's cabinet there were some second level black office holders --> but overall the black population didn't have much change to them
 * __**Indian Reorganization Act**__: the New Deal also did little help to the Native Americans --> they were just like the women and African Americas --> they received no social change in their statuses in society --> though this act helped give them the right to obtain their lands back --> but this did little relief to them
 * __**Court Packing**__: FDR was trying to think of a plan to remove the old conservatives in the Supreme Court --> with the old conservatives in his way, he couldn't get all of his plans passed --> FDR stated that the judges were getting too old for their job and it's time for them to retire --> many of them were shocked by this news, but they still retired and this gave FDR and his administration full control of the government
 * __**Social Security Act**__: this act was passed to encourage the elderly to retire so that the younger generations and take their jobs --> this will provide more jobs for the unemployed --> the government would give money to these elders once a month to give support to them
 * __**Sit Down Strike**__: this was a new technique of a strike --> it was more effective than before --> instead of using harmful tactics to get their points across, all they needed to do was not work and sit down --> but sometimes the employers would call the police to take them away, but this was still a peaceful tactic to use to get their point across
 * __**TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)**__: this was one of the New Deal's programs to help create jobs for a massive amount of the unemployed --> even though it created jobs for people, it didn't no change to racial injustices --> there were still people faced with discrimination


 * Legacies on the New Deal**
 * **Electoral Realignment**: a new coalition for the Democrats --> ever since Abraham presidency, the African Americans have been voting for the Republicans because Abraham helped African Americans --> but then due to FDR and his New Deal, the African Americans began voting for the Democrats --> shifted African Americans votes
 * **Programs**: some of the programs from the New Deal still exist today
 * Social Security Act: when the elders retired, the government still provided them money -
 * FDIC: if the bank makes mistakes and causes you to lose money, the government will give you back your money so that way you won't lose money, gives confidence to people to put their money in banks
 * SEC: gives the government the power to watch over the stock markets so that it can prevent it from crashing
 * Federal Housing Authority
 * TVA: changed the south greatly
 * WPA: the biggest New Deal job programs, paid people to create structures
 * **Deficit Spending**: Keynesian spending, spending the money you borrowed --> Keynes states that the government can go into debt to help its economy --> it wasn't a bad thing if it had positive outcomes
 * **"Broker State"**: the New Deal gave the government with more involvement --> government can provide help to small groups who needed help and limit the power of others
 * **African Americans**: the New Deal deal with the discrimination that the Africa Americans faced, but there were still up sides to this --> "Black Cabinet": FDR appointed some African Americans to have second-level positions in his administration --> a quarter of the African Americans received some kind of a government assistance --> this also contributed to the electoral realignment because after this African Americans began to vote for the Democrats --> even though FDR did little help to the African Americans, they were still faced with discrimination and so the New Deal did very little help to them --> their statuses didn't change
 * **Indians**: John Collier was the commissioner of Indian affairs and he wanted to give the Native Americans a right to live in traditional Indian ways --> he created the Indian Reorganization Act so that Indians can regain back the lands that they lost to America
 * **Women**: there was very little change to their statuses in society --> due to the Great Depression and the New Deal, many people believed that women should stay at home because they didn't need to have a job when they're married and it can help give more jobs for men --> but because of the Great Depression, it pushed women to go out and look for jobs on their own because they wanted to help support the family
 * **Federal Welfare State**: the government now is seen like a caretaker --> the government will always help people who's in need --> if people were unemployed, the government will always continue to sending money to them and give support to them
 * the New Deal was only a way to help fix the economic crisis that they were facing --> didn't do much social change, their statuses in society still remained the same