Unit+III


 * __Unit III__ ;D **
 * __﻿ __**
 * __Expansion of Cotton, Slavery, and Plantation in 19th Century of America__**



In this map it shows how big of a plantation was back in Alabama in present day Malden. As you can see that in the map that one planation can take up almost the whole entire Malden. Truth is that, this was really how big one plantation was. It was just a huge pantation where slaves were forced to work 14-18 hours each day for 6 days a week and they were poor fed. In this map, just imagine that everyone that lived in Malden was out every single day, working on every single piece of that land. Ridiculous isn't it? It is, that was how horrifying and terrifying slavery and the size of a plantation was. With a plantation this large, you can practically make a fortune out of it. Now this was just what one plantation looked like. Back in the mid-19th century, almost the entire southern area was scattered all over with plantations, all filled with slaves working in it day and night producing crops such as tobacco and cotton. Imagine that huge amount of tobacco and especially cotton they can produce. Just imagining the amount surprises you. Also the plantation in Louisiana in the year 1858 (book page 297) the plantation was practically all along the side of the Mississippi River. Most of them settled alongside of the Mississippi River was because they can use it to travel back and forth through ports and such. This made trading easily for the plantation owners and it helped them reach to trading ports such as New Orleans. Because of the demand for cotton, many people wanted to buy more land and grow more cotton so that they too can become rich from this. Many because of this reason began moving towards west and started achieving even more land. This caused almost the whole entire southern region to have plantations the size shown above. More demand for cotton means more land for people to farm on means even more slaves. This increased salvery because with more land then the plantation owners needed even more slaves so that they can be more efficient in their production. Basically it's saying "more land = more slaves".

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__**Chapter 12 Preview: Antebellum Culture and Reform**__
 * Antebellum Reform = before war, something that happened before war or led into war, Pre-Civil War
 * in this chapter it discusses the events that happened in America that led up to the Civil War in America
 * slaves are revolting, creating movements against slavery --> Federick Douglass, Uncle Tom's Cabin
 * North thinks that having slaves in their country was wrong, slavery practices were morally wrong --> they believed that they should stop it before it gets worse --> south refuses to stop because slaves were the base of their economy, without slaves their economy can't function anymore --> conflicts happen between the 2 regions of America --> sectionalism in America --> starting to split up
 * this was an era where reforms was taking place --> slaves wanted freedom, they were treated badly, North believed they should take this chance and help end slavery --> this also led to women becoming more involved in this kind of issue --> women believed that they needed rights too --> Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
 * abolitionists, revolts, helping slaves escape and achieve their freedom

__**Temperance Movement**__
 * Temperance: having a restraint in one's actions, moderation (controlling)
 * Temperance Movement - a movement against alcohol use, a reform in alcohol and drugs --> people believed that alcohol just corrupted the person's mind and body, wanted to stop this
 * Prohibition: act of prohibiting, didn't allow "it" at all, completely banned (stop all of it)
 * Prohibition in America - this was just under the influence of the Temperance Movement, the Temperance Movement was just a movement to try to reduce the use of alcohol, but this one just wanted to destroy the use of alcohol




 * __Analyze & Opinions__**
 * this picture is showing how alcohol was thought of in the people's minds at that time period
 * Temperance Movement was taking place at that time period, many believed the use of alcohol was wrong
 * in this picture it shows the steps of the use of alcohol and how it just gets worse as they continue to lean forward to alcohol
 * as first, drinking was still acceptable but then these few sips of alcohol will during into bigger drinks of it and later on this amount of alcohol will soon grow and grow and the more they consume, the more problems it will cause them
 * after they reach to thew higest point of their drinking there won't be any pleasure to their drinking anymore, they will be addicted to it and they won't be able to staight, they'll always get involved in fights and violent and their result is dealth
 * under the steps is a woman and her child, as you can see the woman is weeping and this shows that alcohol causes the men to no longer care about their families and they leave them survive on their own while they go and drink

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__**Chapter 13 Maps**__
 * p.340 - Expanding Settlement, 1810-1815**
 * before 1810: almost all the white settlers iN America settled on the east coast of America
 * 1810-1830: settlement expanded westward of America --> expanded to where it is now called the mid-west, south wanted to expand cotton farming and so they started moving towards the west --> used some of the Louisiana Territory
 * 1830-1860: as the Cotton Belt was expanding, they moved more torwards to the west --> new territories and states started to join the nation such as Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and etc.


 * p.345 Western Trails in 1860**
 * as the American settlers sstarted to move towards the west in search of gold, freedom of religion, job opportunities, and more land they created major trails that led to these lands --> such as the Oregon Trail was pretty well-known and the California Trail led people to California --> as people kept migrating these major trails were created for them to travel to the west


 * p.349 The Mexican War, 1846-1848**
 * after America and Britain's dispute over Oregon, America went into war with Mexico to achieve California and Mexico City along with it
 * America and Mexico went into war with each other fighting for California and Mexico City --> Mexico only won one battle and that's it --> in the end America won and California and Mexico city was added to the nation
 * showed where America and Mexico won their battles and how they traveled to there
 * Mexico City was ocuppied in September 14


 * p.350 Southwestern Expansion,1845-1853**
 * showed the land that America achieved through winning the war with Mexico --> more and more lands were added into America --> it was expanding
 * setted its boundaries with Spain and Mexico --> Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, settled its boundaries with Mexico, stating that anything beyond Rio Grande belonged to Mexico
 * Mexican Cession --> piece of land that Mexico gave up to America
 * Gadsden Purchase --> brought the land from Mexico
 * Disputed Area --> areas where Mexico and America argued what piece of land belonged to them


 * __Theme__:** Western Expansion
 * expansion came from war
 * from treaties/purchases
 * manifest destiny:
 * the idea stating that the whole entire America belonged to United States --> God believed Americans were the best and fittest to rule all of America, it's their fate to control that land, whites were the suporities of all the other raced people --> they had democracy, best fitted system to rule
 * Americans were special because of their culture, best form of government, best system, best technology --> other countries have to look at us and model after us
 * immigration
 * desires for gold and land
 * people trying to make money off of people traveling to the west
 * James Polk encouraged people to expand towards the west


 * p.354 Slave and Free Territories Under the Compromise of 1850**
 * California wanted to join the nation --> this created more issues and conflicts over free/slaves states
 * 1st of all, if California wanted to join the nation it will unbalance the amount of free/slaves states
 * 2nd of all, half of its land was under the Missouri Compromise Line and half was above it
 * Compromise of 1850 was created to solve this issue
 * California becomes a free state
 * no more Missouri Compromise Line
 * Popular Soverenity --> when territories are adding into the nation as states, people get to vote if they want it to be a free/slave states
 * showed deomcracy, letting people choose
 * this may solved problems for now, but create more severe ones later on


 * __Causes of Civil War__**
 * Compromise of 1850
 * Dred Scott decision
 * Kansas-Nebraska Act
 * Bloody Kansas
 * John Brown's Raid
 * Lincoln's Election
 * Secession of Southern States
 * Fort Sumter


 * __Advantages__**
 * **__North__**
 * they had more resources
 * had factories to produce even more weapons
 * better transportation
 * population was larger
 * north used slave's freedom to persuade them to fight with them
 * had more farms in the north, produces more supplies
 * __**South**__
 * they were battling on their lands, they are more familiar with their lands and they have a greater chance of winning
 * tried to use their trade with other nations as a support to help them in the war
 * had strong and skillful generals
 * they just have to defend their land while North had to invade their land
 * more unified
 * used slaves to fight with them
 * they are very agricultural so they had a lot of food supplies
 * __Disadvantages__**
 * **__North__**
 * had to leave their land and fight in south
 * had to wait for their supplies to get sent to them while in the south their supplies were instant
 * not unified
 * **__South__**
 * not as much resources as the North
 * limited in soldiers and resources
 * had financial problems
 * had financial problems

__**Economic Measures of the North**__
 * passed/had more taxes to raise money for the war --> to finance the war
 * passed the homestead act
 * used US treasury notes as currency
 * printed more money, "greenbacks" --> caused curreny to decrease
 * bonds/loans from the Americans --> treasury persuaded many Americans to buy bonds to fund the war
 * National Bank Act: allowed banks to join system if they give their money to national bank to fund the war --> it's similar to buying bonds

__**Preview of What We're Learning Later On**__

11: Civil War a) Two societies at war: mobilization, resources, and internal dissent b) Military strategies and foreign diplomacy c) Emancipation and the role of African Americans in the war d) Social, political, and economic effects of war in the North, South, and West 12: Reconstruction a) Presidential and Radical Reconstruction b) Southern state governments: aspirations, achievements, failures c) Role of African Americans in politics, education, and the economy d) Compromise of 1877 e) Impact of Reconstruction **11: Civil War-** what happened in the Civil War, the battles that took place, how each side prepared for the war, effects after the war  **12: Reconstruction-** after the Civil War South went into Reconstruction, African Americans had a somewhat better life then before --> they

- his perspective on the Reconstruction is the need to fix the soicety back and he wanted to reunite the nation much faster, he created the 10% plan to help southern states join back into the nation more quickly --> he didn't wanted to control all of the south with his power because then it'll cause more conflict so Lincoln, he want to reunite the nation and he didn't want to punish anyone --> just wanted to move on from the Civil War tries to give them more freedom and rights such as when thw Wade-Davis Bill, he rejected it
 * __ Perspectives __**
 * Lincoln:** - he didn't want the nation to go into war, but it was nessecary to unite the nation and he didn't want to be the president that caused the nation to split




 * Radical Republicans:** - they were the opposite of Lincoln's thoughts because they wanted to punish the south for their act
 * Freed Blacks:** - after the war and all, they were left alone, with nothing to do, clueless in their place in society --> they believed that the Civial War gave them freedom, but it didn't meant that way, they will soon learn that they had no equal rights in the society they lived in


 * Northerners:** - in a way they were like Radical Republicans because they believed they should suppose to punish the South


 * Grant:** - he believed that the Republican Reconstruction was more popular in the north and it was important --> he didn't do much


 * Lee:** - to Lee the Civil War was very important because they were fighting for what they believed in, he believed that the south just wanted to be left alone and north just won't leave them alone, south is trying to defend itself


 * Johnson:** - his perspective on the Reconstruction was just like the Wade-Davis Bill, he wanted to totally control the south and so then they won't have a chance to rebel them like the last time, he never planned on giving ex-slaves equal rights in society, created laws and vetoed many --> but Congress found its way to override him




 * Planter Class:** - it was hard, tough time for them because many of their young men had died from war and it made life difficult, also their lands were destroy from the war --> right now they just wanted to keep everything the same like before --> they were against Reconstruction


 * __Lincoln Show__**
 * Lincoln didn't have the power to abolish slavery, but because the states were rebelling against them using slavery and so then Lincoln can do something about this and issued the Emanicipation Proclamation to abolish slavery
 * Emanicipation Proclamation caused the war to change, it wasn't about reuniting the country --> they're going to change their society for rebeling the Union
 * Lincoln changed his views as he changes the nation --> he believes that no matter what race you are, you should be allowed to have the America dream
 * during Lincoln's reelection, it seems like he's about to lose but victories were won to boost him

__**Was the Civil War worth it?**__ The __Civil War was worth it because this was the only way left to reunite the country together.__ The nation, itself, was going to split sooner or later because of all the issues and conflicts it had with each other. The war was just waiting to be happened. The nation was already in conflict with each other and no __compromise can fix the nation together and so the war must take place in order for the nation to remain as one again.__ The Civil War brought a very assertive decision for the country. It was the time where the government actually made a move on something and been assertive about it. __The Civil War brought the slaves their freedom and it led to the Reconstruction of the South to improve their soceity__ so this incident will never take place again. Even though the slaves gained their freedom, __they were still being mistreated and ended up back down in the social/economic/political pyramid.__ They weren't equal at all with the whites, they didn't gain their freedom entirely at all. Even though there were so much negatives for the slaves after the war, but __this war was their first step to gaining their freedom and rights in this society.__ The war was worth it, no matter how you look at it. Even though the results isn't as positive as you expected it to be, it was still worth it. It was just the beginning for everyone, the nation was already splitting at that time period and a war is the thing they needed to start fresh from. If the war never took place, in today's society we'll still be splitted into north and south with strong segregation and racism in this country. No one will have any freedom at all. A war was what was needed to fix the country back up. If things won't go the easy way, you need to make it work the hard way. __The compromises (easy way) all failed to do their job to keep the nation together and so a war (hard way) must take place to do their job.__ - the 13th, 14th, and the 15th Amendment was created because of this --> who can become a citizen of America, who can vote, who had rights
 * Catherine:** - it was worth it: expanded the economy, made south less dependent on farming
 * Sharon:** - it was worth it: it gave America's future generations more rights and freedom than before, after making compromise after compromise it would have led into war sooner or later --> one of the states would have seceded sooner or later, even though results weren't as positive but it kind of ended on the fighting/violence over the slavery issue