Unit+VIII


 * __Unit VII__ =] **


 * JFK Video Notes **
 * youngest man elected as president
 * new generation --> youth of America
 * the 35h president, Democrat
 * he changed American political system
 * advertised capitalism
 * JFK suffered through diseases
 * JFK also had a few affairs, but he still did well as a president
 * CIA secretly training Cubans to overthrow communist --> Bay of Pigs
 * he took responsibility and earned a lot of support
 * he encouraged America to be the first country to have a man on the moon
 * Soviet Union placed in Cuba nuclear missiles
 * America was close to a nuclear war with the Soviet Union/Cuba --> but didn't have nuclear war and the Soviet Union removed the nuclear missles and America will not mess with Cuba and its communist government
 * less proactive in domestic affair --> didn't care much and didn't do much on segregation
 * JFK was assassinated


 * Johnson Video Notes**
 * sworn into office on airplane
 * took over for JFK, Democrat
 * he had a ego problem with his hat
 * overreact in conference
 * he overwhelmed people to get what he wanted
 * gesture to dominate?
 * freedom and justice for all
 * "The Great Society" end poverty, end segregation, provide fair opportunities
 * created laws to help better the society --> Voting Rights Act, Environmental Protection Laws, Civil Rights Act
 * expanded on JFK's ideas and enlarged his own


 * The United States in Latin America, 1954-2001 Map page 833**
 * this shows America interference in Latin America, whether it was to help them or not, America was involved with them
 * due to the Cold War, America wanted to ensure that these islands of Latin America wouldn't be influenced by the Soviet Union
 * America helped these Latin American islands to overthrow their governments and try to prevent the influence of communism


 * The War in Vietnam and Indochina, 1964-1975 map page 839**
 * showed America's involvement in the Vietnam War
 * America and South Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1970s
 * America had bases in South Vietnam to fight against North Vietnam --> there were many America bases in South Vietnam than in North Vietnam --> America wanted to prevent North Vietnam from winning and turning South Vietnam into a communist society
 * Ho Chi Minh Trail was a communist supply route to North Vietnam
 * Friendship Highway: a road in Thailand and America helped them rebuilt and extended it --> it was to protect Sawangjai Farm from the war --> America sent help to them, hence the name "Friendship Highway"

__**The Vietnam War Timeline**__ - Ho Chi Minh and a group of people who wanted to remain independent from France's control formed the Vietminh --> the Vietminh was a communist group who were very committed to their culture and traditional ways of doing things --> throughout the Vietnam War, they were very committed to win --> had strong commitment to what they believed in - the National Liberation Front (NFL) was form by a group of Vietminh in the south and they wanted to overthrow Ngo Dinh Diem and reunite the country inder one single government --> this group killed many government officials and Diem began to lose support from his people - Nixon was elected as president in 1968 and his plan for the nation was to restore things back to normal for people and provide stability to the country --> he also wanted to end the Vietnam War quickly which he eventually did --> due to the lost in the Vietnam War, it effected his presidency --> and also because of televisions people were able to see the terrible scenes of the Vietnam War --> this also effected his presidency because people wanted him to just end the war already - in the Fall of Saigon, many people were fighting to flee from the country --> Americans and South Vietnamese fought each other to get inside the planes to leave Vietnam --> they didn't want to remain in Vietnam under the harsh control of Hanoi --> they knew their days in Vietnam wouldn't be any better than before and they will face harsh treatments
 * **1941: The Vietminh political party was created**
 * after World War II, it left Vietnam questioning themselves if they should become a colony of France or they should be left alone --> independent
 * those who chooses to be independent formed the Vietminh political party
 * this party was led by Ho Chi Minh who was a communist
 * the Vietminh fought against Japan during World War II and when they defeated Japan, the Vietminh declared that Vietnam was an independent nation
 * **1945-1946: France's control over Vietnam**
 * Vietnam viewed America as somewhat of an ally and when France tried to take control of Vietnam, Ho wrote letters to President Truman, but President Truman never replied to him
 * Truman was under pressure from Britain and France to support their control over Vietnam --> France argued that without Vietnam their economy would collapse, but Truman didn't know whose side to be on and so America did nothing when France moved back unto Vietnam
 * **1949-1954: France regain power over Vietnam, won America's support, First Indochina War**
 * France regain control of Vietnam by driving Ho Chi Minh out and replacing him with Bao Dai --> he was like a puppet and France is the one doing everything from behind the scenes
 * February 1950, America recognize the Bao Dai regime and supported France's control by providing military and economic aid to them
 * First Indochina War --> the Vietminh were against the French --> America provided military support to the French, but the war went badly and America paying 80% of France's war costs --> at Dien Bien Phu, the Vietminh forces surrounded the French to attack, at that point Eisenhower's administration decided to not get involved so that way they can save the French --> the defense of Dien Bien Phu was destroyed and the French government realized that it's time to get out of Vietnam --> this was the end of the First Indochina War
 * **1955: Geneva Conference and the Two Vietnams**
 * at the Geneva Conference they came to an agreement to end the Vietminh conflict by dividing Vietnam into two --> along the 17th parallel Vietnam would be divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam --> North Vietnam consists of the Vietminh while the South Vietnam has a pro-Western regime in control --> then in 1956, elections would be held to reunite these two parts back together under one single government's control
 * North Vietnam was in control by the Vietminh and they had more of a traditional Vietnamese society --> France's control there were weak --> they were very stable yet overpopulated and was the most poorest region of the country --> they had scarce lands and had a serious famine --> yet with all of these negatives, they were were committed to their nation and their Vietnamese history
 * South Vietnam was different from North Vietnam because people received opportunities and they were able to expand themselves --> not many people were poor --> they had more of an individualistic society and it was more looser --> instead of having a famine, they had a surplus of supplies that they could export out --> though with all of these positives, they weren't as committed as the people in North Vietnam was --> and so with these two different societies, it was hard for them to reunite together into one single government's rule
 * **1955- 1956: America and Diem, Ngo Dinh Diem**
 * after the Geneva Conference, France left Vietnam and America came in to support South Vietnam --> South Vietnam was led by Ngo Dinh Diem and he wasn't influenced by the French and so he had the support of America --> American CIA helped Diem in South Vietnam --> America viewed him as a wonderful, powerful leader --> Johnson once called him "Churchill of Southeast Asia"
 * America feared that in the elections (Geneva Conference) Ho Chi Min would win because of the larger population in the North and so America provided economic and military aid to South Vietnam
 * **1959-1963: The National Liberation Front (NFL)**
 * the Vietminh in the south created the NFL so that they can overthrow Diem and reunite the country
 * under the orders of Hanoi, the NFL began military operations in the south
 * by 1961, the NFL killed over 4,000 government officials a year and established effective control over many areas in the countryside
 * Diem lost many support from people and the military from this --> he then launched a series of heavy-handed military and police actions against them --> this resulted with many massacres and violence in Vietnam --> all of this was captured in cameras and people saw all of these violence --> Buddhist crisis
 * **1963: Diem Overthrown**
 * because of the Buddhist crisis, America had to reconsider its support for Diem --> though he also wanted to keep Vietnam from being a communist country --> American officials pressured Diem to reform the government, but he didn't do much --> and so he and his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu was assassinated on November 1963 --> they established new governments, but weren't very stable
 * **1964: Gulf of Tonkin**
 * Johnson expanded America's involvement in Vietnam by sending an additional 5,000 military advisers there and preparing to send 5,000 more --> American destroyers on patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin had been attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats --> the Americans didn't know what to do next and so Johnson and Congress quickly passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and this gave the president the power to take any moves/ make any decisions that he wanted to protect American forces and prevent further aggression in Southeast Asia --> bombings happened to destroy the depots and transportation lines that were used by the North Vietnamese soldiers and to provide supplies to the North Vietnamese soldiers in the south
 * Americans and Vietnamese resulted with a very high casualties from this war --> many of the Americans began to oppose to the war because it has been going on for a long time and there were too many people dying from it --> America was beginning to experience inflation from this war
 * **January 31, 1968: The Tet Offensive**
 * this day was the first day of the Vietnamese New Year (Tet) --> the North Vietnam forces attacked the Americans throughout all of South Vietnam
 * the city Hue was taken over by the North and they had a numerous amount of supporters from Saigon to massacre the people in Hue
 * not much Americans knew the details of the events that happened in Hue, but they were able to see these vivid scenes on television because this was televised --> they saw the bombings and the communist forces in Saigon fighting so brutally and shooting the South Vietnamese down
 * American forces dislodged the Viet Cong from most of the places they were seized --> the communist Vietnamese were weakened from this --> thus America had this victory, it may seem like a victory to America, but it caused so much deaths that the people of America didn't want the war anymore --> bad for the administration
 * **1968-1972: Nixon and Vietnamization**
 * Richard Nixon was a Republican who won the election of 1968 and he wanted to find stability for the nation --> he wanted to return things back to normal --> he continued the war in Vietnam and eventually ended it
 * because Nixon wanted to restore stability to the nation, he wanted to end the war quickly but he also feared that if he retreat now it will destroy Americans' honor and "credibility" --> and so in the campaign of 1968 he said he had a plan to bring "peace and honor" to Vietnam but didn't state the details to the plan
 * Henry Kissinger was Nixon's special assistant for national security affairs --> he and Nixon finally found a solution to their problems in Vietnam --> they created an all-volunteer army in Vietnam --> Selective Service System
 * their new Vietnam policy of "Vietnamization" was to pick the Vietnamese males to fight in the war using a "lottery" system --> this became a burden to the American forces because these Vietnamese soldiers weren't properly trained for war --> the American forces began to shrink
 * **1971: My Lai Massacre**
 * there was a massacre at My Lai and it killed more than 300 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians --> this shocked many Americans when they saw/heard about this scene --> this kind of brutality causes the Americans to want to end the war more --> they didn't want to see anymore of this
 * there were more problems in Vietnam than just these horrific massacres --> problems such as desertion, drug addiction, racial hostilities, refusal to obey orders and killing of unpopular officers were beginning to show in these American troops --> showed to the Americans back home how inhuman that the American troops in Vietnam is becoming --> caused Americans to want to end the war even more
 * this also tells the Americans that they're spending too much time on this war, they need to end this war fast
 * **March 1972: Easter Offensive**
 * in February 1971 the president ordered the air force to assist the South Vietnamese army from an invasion of Laos --> South Vietnamese backed across the border from defeat --> American bombings in Vietnam and Cambodia increased due to this
 * March 1972, the Easter Offensive was the North Vietnamese's biggest offensive since 1968 --> America and South Vietnam were able to stop the communists from advancing --> American planes also bombed near Hanoi which was North Vietnam's capital and also they bombed Haiphong --> Haiphong was where North Vietnam get its supplies from China and the Soviet Union
 * **December 17, 1972: "Christmas Bombing"**
 * American B-52s began the most destructive air raids on Hanoi, Haiphong, and other North Vietnamese targets --> the casualties were extremely high --> 15 America B-52s were shot down by the North Vietnamese and America had lost one of its great bombers
 * on December 30, 1972 America ended the "Christmas Bombing" --> America and North Vietnam met together and on January 27, 1973 they signed an agreement on ending the war and bringing peace back to Vietnam
 * **April 1975: Fall of Saigon**
 * North Vietnamese attacked the weakened forces in South Vietnam --> Thieu asked for America's assistance, but America refused to --> communist forces marched to Saigon --> the people there, including Americans tried to fled --> the communist forces took over Saigon and they began their reunification of Vietnam and Saigon was renamed as Ho Chi Minh City --> they were under the harsh rule of Hanoi


 * Historical Opinion on the Vietnam War**
 * **My Opinion**: To me, I think the Vietnam War was kind of a civil war within its country. It's because they were people who wanted to be left alone and independent while there were people who wanted to be part of France. Due to their different views the country split into two and so this war was kind of like a civil war. This war was also kind of like a cold war because America tries to keep South Vietnam from turning into a communist country. To try to prevent communism from spreading into South Vietnam, America put in a lot of support for Ngo Dinh Diem and provide a lot of military and economical support to them. During the war, America also sent many soldiers to there to fight. America may seem like it's helping South Vietnam from being taking over by North Vietnam, but it was really to prevent communism from spreading. But in the end they still lost and America failed to prevent communism from spreading. And so I believe that this war was mainly due to communism's influence that Americans decided to get involved. All of this helping and involvement of America was just for their selfish wants and not really for Vietnam itself.
 * **Catherine Phamduy's Opinion**: thought that it was unfair for North Vietnam because from the Geneva Conference North and South Vietnam agreed to reunite in the elections of 1956 but South Vietnam didn't follow to their agreement and tried to prevent from reuniting with North Vietnam --> America was helping South Vietnam to prevent them from reuniting which caused North Vietnam to attack South Vietnam first --> their attack would be justify because they were just following their agreement in the Geneva Conference
 * **Devon's Opinion**: the Vietnam War wasn't popular in America and the leaders refused to admit defeat
 * **Carrie's Opinion**: the whole war was pointless because in the end North Vietnam still won and took over South Vietnam and reunited into one communist country
 * **Sharon's Opinion**: this was a fight for the future of Vietnam
 * **Catherine Poirier's Opinion**: America was forced into the war because at first they were indirectly involved and when France backed out of Vietnam and if America backed out as well it will ruin their image and it will show that they're weak --> America didn't want to ruin their image and their power and so they were forced into the war --> communism also contributed to America's decision into to getting involved
 * the Vietnam War was like the continuation of the Truman Doctrine of Containment --> America wanted to contain communism from spreading in the world


 * Top Ten Key Concepts from Chapter 31**
 * __**Liberalism**__: this was the idea that the government should take actions --> the government should take some actions inside and outside of the country instead of just being there --> it needs to take radical steps and actions --> this causes it to be involved in the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War
 * __**The Vietnam War**__: the Vietnam War was a war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam --> North Vietnam wanted to reunite with South Vietnam, but South Vietnam didn't want to and America began to help South Vietnam --> since North Vietnam was communist, America was very eager to help because it wanted to prevent communism from spreading
 * __**Geneva Conference**__: the Geneva Conference was where Vietnam decided to split into two nations where one will consists of the Vietminh (communists) and the other will consist of those who are under French control (not communist) --> in the elections of 1956, both Vietnams will vote to see which government they prefer to be under in --> they will reunite and be under one single government --> created North and South Vietnam
 * __**North Vietnam**__: North Vietnam consists of the Vietminh and communists, these people were very committed to their government and their traditions --> even though they didn't live in a very well area, they're still not easily defeated and kept their heads held up high --> they went into war with South Vietnam because South Vietnam didn't want to reunite with North Vietnam
 * __**South Vietnam**__: South Vietnam was actually under the French control and weren't communists, a few Vietminh lived there --> they weren't like the people in North Vietnam, they weren't very committed to the government but instead they enjoyed the different opportunities they had --> when the elections of 1956 drew near, South Vietnam didn't want to reunite with North Vietnam because they knew that they will lose the elections --> North Vietnam had a larger population than South Vietnam's population --> North Vietnam's population will 100% vote for a communist government --> South Vietnam didn't want this and so America decided to step in and help them in the war
 * __**Civil Rights Movement**__: this was where the African Americans began to fight for their rights --> they protested and were more eager to gain their rights than before --> the government had finally paid attention to them and started to take action on this issue --> though they only gain so little, but they never backed down and they still continued to fight
 * __**Martin Luther King Jr.**__: he was one of leaders of the Civil Rights Movement --> during the Civil Rights Movement he protested in nonviolent ways to show that African Americans are very civilized people who just wanted equal rights and opportunities in society --> through his passive ways of protesting many people began to understand him and the African Americans more --> but some African Americans believed that the pace that Martin Luther King Jr. was going was too slow and they can never gain anything from this and so they went their separate ways and created the Black Power Movement
 * __**The Kennedy Legacy**__: when John Kennedy and Robert Kennedy died, people viewed that during their presidency they had been using the government to help the powerless nations and people both of the Kennedys wanted to us the government to help people and wanted to make a difference in the nation --> they didn't want to do things in a passive way --> they wanted action and change --> they both wanted to do so much to better the nation and better people's lives
 * __**Richard Nixon**__: he's a Republican who won the election of 1968 and his plan for the nation was stability --> he wanted to restore everything back to normal and he wanted to created stability within the nation --> he also wanted to end the Vietnam War quickly and he did, but Americans had lost the war --> he became the president where they had lost a war
 * __**Opposition to the War**__: many Americans opposed to the war because they didn't want to get involved and send thousands of men over there just to help South Vietnam fight from being reunited with North Vietnam --> also from the war, America began to experience inflation and this caused people to want to end the war even more --> they didn't want America to be involved in the war and they believed that this war was wasting too much of their time --> the war was televised on television and so the Americans saw how brutally the soldiers fought in Vietnam --> people didn't like these scenes they were seeing and they saw how inhuman the American soldiers were becoming and wanted the war to end immediately


 * Chapter 32, The New Left and The Counterculture**
 * **The New Left**
 * The New Left was formed by the younger generation who questioned about the society, who rebelled and criticized their surroundings and wanted to make a change in society. This was the youth's movement to find a better society through their questions. They questioned their society and wanted to look for an answer to their questions. This was a movement where this young generation created a new culture and questioned their authorities.
 * due to the baby boom before, many babies were born and by the 1970s most of America's population was around the age 30 or even less --> this was the largest generation of youth in America
 * as they grew older and matured, they began to question about their society and surroundings --> many rebelled their culture and focused on political causes
 * college and universities students got together to criticize their society and the colleges and universities --> they ask of what they expected from the colleges and universities --> they didn't just want to attend college so that they can be trained and get a job in the future --> these students wanted a place where they can speak freely and criticize and have debates --> they didn't just want a place to study, they want a place to experience and to challenge themselves
 * many of these people questioned about the political system and the racial injustices in society --> they began to fight for what they believed in
 * many of thes people came from the Old Left --> they were the children of radical parents and had grown up to a have a critical view of society


 * The Counterculture
 * The Counterculture was the culture of the young generation. The people of the young generation changed from the old generation because instead of following their traditional culture, they are expanding and doing other things such as drugs, sex, and etc. People of this generation tend to have their voice to be heard by and wouldn't hesitate to express what their views were. They were more rebellious than the old generation.
 * Rock n' Roll music influenced the young generation to rebel against their society in what the believed in and question about the injustices of their society and the government
 * hippies were created from this because they wanted their own way of doing things instead of following the old fashion, traditional ways --> they wanted a space away from the middle class society and the traditions




 * Feminism, Women's Liberation, and Roe v. Wade**
 * **Feminism:**
 * where women would have a better role/status in society --> have more influence in society
 * a belief where women can be equal as men in all aspects of life
 * women seeking power over their own lives
 * pushing the social norms, adjusting social norms
 * **Women's Liberation:**
 * a movement formed by the women where they can fight to have a say in society --> where women can fight for their equality and their status
 * having power, freedom, and independence over their own lives
 * key words: independence, free will, and choice
 * being able to participate in politics
 * getting equal pay for the equal work that they do with men, and equal opportunity for men and women
 * women wanted the freedom to get a divorce and to be able to support themselves afterwards
 * **Roe v. Wade:**
 * this was a case on abortion where the court ruled that women were allow to have abortions due to the new constitutional theory of "right to privacy"
 * this court case begins with Norma L. McCorvey who was pregnant with her thrid child, having so many children already, Norma L. McCorvey didn't want another children anymore and so when she returned to Dallas, her friends told her to say that she has been raped and became pregnant from the incident and askes for an abortion --> usually with this case they will allow abortions --> and so she decides to have an illegal abortion and later on the government found out about this and investigated more on this issue
 * the court made their decisions on this case by using the 9th Amendment and the Supreme Court case Griswold v. Connecticut in 1965
 * in Griswold v. Connecticut is where it invalidated all laws prohibiting abortion during the first three months of pregnancy


 * Main Ideas/Key Terms of Chapter 33**
 * **Domestically**
 * Reaganomics: this was Reagan's economic policy --> Reagan's solution to reduce taxes to help better the economy and this decreased the government spending --> more of a lazsie faire economy --> "trickle down economics"
 * Conservatism
 * Tax Revolt, Proposition 13: instead of attacking the government, the conservatives attacked the taxes
 * Deregulation: the government should have less power to regulate the economy --> with less regulation then the corporations can expand and not worry about rules --> by expanding corporations, more workers would be hired --> the wealth of the rich is "trickled down" to the poor
 * Welfare Benefit Cuts:
 * High Interest Rates: there's such high interest rates that it caused inflation to continue
 * Iran-Contra Scandal: many people were suspicious of Reagan, they believed that he might be part of illgeal scandals of advancing foreign policies --> this made his image looked bad and his popularity declined
 * The Recession of 1990: there was a recession in 1990 and this caused many problems to corporations and people --> caused many bankruptcies
 * **Internationally**
 * Decline of Communism: communism was declining all around the world, the Soviet Union had a new ruler and he lessened the Soviet Union's influence on the other countries and so it caused communism to decline in those countries
 * Strategic Defensive Initiative (SDI): it was the president's plan to create a new military program that attacks with nuclear weapons --> many people believed this was highly dangerous and protested about it
 * Tiananmen Square: in China there's more turmoil, there's a fight between the people and its government
 * Invasion of Kuwait: Iraq invaded Kuwait and America stepped in to help --> America was eager to take Kuwait back and lessen Iraq's power, but there was still regime existing in Iraq and it caused America to be really stressed